The Great War Essay -- essays research papers

The vast struggle , or as it is cognize now, World War One was a globular fighting fought between the Allied Powers Great Britain, France, Russia, and the United States along will other microscopicer nations and the Central Powers Germany, Austria Hungary, Turkey/Ottoman Empire and other small nations from 1914 to 1918. World War One began from a series of tumultuous events, that in turn affected the balance of alliances that had been made between countries at that time in the world. The ignition, or rather start of these events occurred on June twenty-eighth, 1914, when the Archduke of Austria Hungary, Frances Ferdinand and his wife, were assassinated by a young Serbian militant, Gavrilo Princep. Austria Hungary was ensured of support from the German government if the declared war against Yugoslavia, who had a defensive treaty with Russia. On July 25th, Austria Hungary extended a ten point ultimatum to the Serbian government, along with a forty eight hour deadline to enforce the ultimatum. July 28th marked the official declaration of war between Austria and Yugoslavia. The conflict was begun with the intentions of seizing a specify of Serbian territory and utilizing that as a leverage dickhead to gain their demands. The Russian military began its mobilization efforts to protect Yugoslavia. Trying to still maintain stay the Russians said they would not attack if peace talks would begin. The Germans and so issued a twelve hour deadline for the demobilization of the Russian build up, and the Germans declared war on the Russians on August 1st, 1914. Although Germany had perhaps not been planning for this conflict to materialize in the exact manner that it had, they did have a contingency plan. That plan was known as the Schlieffen Plan. The Schlieffen Plan consisted of war plans for the invasions of all the European nations. The German Military leader Moltke determined that the war had to be fought and won on the western drift in order to defea t the Russians (Germany in World War One, Holburn) . Germany then declared war on France on August 3rd , 1914, and invaded Belgium the following day. Belgium move to resist the oncoming Germans, but fell in one-third days. The English became involved due in part to the Treaty of London of 1839, in which Great Britain guaranteed to help defend Belgiums independence. Great Britain then issued an ultimatum to the Germans to keep apart f... ...ntry in a more thorough state of defense but also to sustain all its power and employ all its resources to bring the regime of the German Empire to terms and end the war, ( First World War, Wilson). On April 6, 1917 coition passed President Wilsons declaration of war with Germany. American hands contribution rose from 200,000 to over 2 million by the wars end, in part due to Selective Service Act, passed in whitethorn 1917. this act called for all males to register for draft induction to the military, between the ages of 18 and 30. Of the 24.2 million registered, hardly 2.8 million were drafted, ( America, Past and Present, 7th ed., Divine). With American intervention, Allied forces multiply in size and were able to start making ground against the German/Central Powers in Europe. Throughout the fall and early winter of 1918, Allied forces catapulted on even the Germans eastern front (the Balkans and Rumania), when the German military leader Ludendorff stated, The condition of the army demands an agile armistice, (Germany During World War One, Holburn). On November 11, 1918 ( thereafter, known as Armistice Day), Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles, ending World War One. The Great War Essay -- essays research papers The Great War , or as it is known now, World War One was a global conflict fought between the Allied Powers Great Britain, France, Russia, and the United States along will other littler nations and the Central Powers Germany, Austria Hungary, Turkey/Ottoman Empire and other small nations from 1914 to 1918. World War One began from a series of tumultuous events, that in turn affected the balance of alliances that had been made between countries at that time in the world. The ignition, or rather start of these events occurred on June 28th, 1914, when the Archduke of Austria Hungary, Frances Ferdinand and his wife, were assassinated by a young Serbian militant, Gavrilo Princep. Austria Hungary was ensured of support from the German government if the declared war against Yugoslavia, who had a defensive treaty with Russia. On July 25th, Austria Hungary extended a ten point ultimatum to the Serbian government, along with a forty eight hour deadline to enforce the ultimatum. July 28th marked the official declaration of war between Austria and Yugoslavia. The conflict was begun with the intentions of seizing a portion of Serbian territory and utilizing that as a leverage tool to gain their demands. The Russian military began its mobilization efforts to protect Yugoslavia. Trying to still maintain peace the Russians said they would not attack if peace talks would begin. The Germans then issued a twelve hour deadline for the demobilization of the Russian build up, and the Germans declared war on the Russians on August 1st, 1914. Although Germany had perhaps not been planning for this conflict to materialize in the exact manner that it had, they did have a contingency plan. That plan was known as the Schlieffen Plan. The Schlieffen Plan consisted of war plans for the invasions of all the European nations. The German Military leader Moltke determined that the war had to be fought and won on the western front in order to defeat the Russians (Germany in World War One, Holburn) . Germany then declared war on France on August 3rd , 1914, and invaded Belgium the following day. Belgium tried to resist the oncoming Germans, but fell in three days. The English became involved due in part to the Treaty of London of 1839, in which Great Britain guarant eed to help defend Belgiums independence. Great Britain then issued an ultimatum to the Germans to withdraw f... ...ntry in a more thorough state of defense but also to exert all its power and employ all its resources to bring the Government of the German Empire to terms and end the war, ( First World War, Wilson). On April 6, 1917 Congress passed President Wilsons declaration of war with Germany. American manpower contribution rose from 200,000 to over 2 million by the wars end, in part due to Selective Service Act, passed in May 1917. this act called for all males to register for draft induction to the military, between the ages of 18 and 30. Of the 24.2 million registered, only 2.8 million were drafted, ( America, Past and Present, 7th ed., Divine). With American intervention, Allied forces doubled in size and were able to start making ground against the German/Central Powers in Europe. Throughout the fall and early winter of 1918, Allied forces catapulted on even the Germans ea stern front (the Balkans and Rumania), when the German military leader Ludendorff stated, The condition of the army demands an immediate armistice, (Germany During World War One, Holburn). On November 11, 1918 ( thereafter, known as Armistice Day), Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles, ending World War One.

Free College Admissions Essays: I Traded it All to Be a Filmmaker :: College Admissions Essays

I Have Traded it All to Be a Filmmaker   I left a secure subcontract and a lifestyle that would tolerate catapulted me into the upper middle class by age 30. I disappointed my family and shocked my friends, but the applause from the packed auditorium vindicated my decision to trail my passion. At great expense, I decided to follow my dreams, to refuse to be disappointed or discouraged by life. As I reflected on all the difficulties I persevered through in reaching that point in my life, I felt a hand patting me on my shoulder praising my work.   I was born in Omaha, Nebraska on August 28,1972 because my mother slipped on an onion peel while shopping at the local Hinky Dinky Supermarket the fall induced her elbow grease and out I popped. In this rather unsophisticated environment, where on Saturday the second largest city is a packed college football stadium, I somehow developed aesthetic aspirations, but did not have the opportunity to make cultural pursuits a major pa rt of my life. At the age of twelve, my father accepted a job with Levi Strauss and moved the family to Kansas City. At this crucial stage in my development, I found the arts fascinating, especially while studying literature in junior high. strange the other students who flocked to the hundreds of early eighties Spring Break movies, I developed a discriminating taste and longed for the quality I would find in a Stanley Kubrick film. At night, tackling Crime and Punishment or watching Dr. Strangelove took precedence over arcades and football.   I carried my love for literature with me when I attended the University of Kansas. I also examine economics, which combined my interests in philosophy, history and mathematics. However, while I studied economics for somewhat practical reasons and never thought of the discipline as compelling ample to devote my entire life to, my interests in film and music began to mature. Exposed to the unconventional films of Hal Hartley, Mike Leigh, and John Sayles and to the poetic music of Tom Waits and Leonard Cohen, I prized their works hopeful storytelling, and this feature inspired my own work and my eventual pursuit of filmmaking.   Facing high college loans and a desire to be economically secure, I chose not to pursue my dreams immediately out of college. I fooled myself into thinking my passion for filmmaking was just a hobby and that I would be better off pursuing a more than serious career, one with respect and a high salary.

A Tradition of Spirituals Essay -- Essays Papers

A Tradition of SpiritualsOrigin of Spirituals A Look at Prominent Composers and Performers Including Literary Analysis of Spirituals Wade In the Water summer Nobody Knows De Trouble Ive Seen Deep River Sometimes I Feel Like A Motherless Child I Want Jesus To Walk With Me Spirituals eld to Age Origin of Spirituals African American spirituals are one mode through which the melodies and rhythms of Africa found their way to America. Spirituals arose out of the songs the slaves would sing working in the handle on the plantations. In the fields the slaves developed a musical combination of call and response which becomes characteristic of gospel singing. Early spirituals acted for a number of practical(a) functions for the slaves. Some were a mode of communication or a map to the North. Aside from these reasons, their song was a cry for freedom and salvation. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------A Look at Prominent Composers and Performers Henry Thacker Burleigh (1866-1949)Henry Thacker Burleigh. was born on December 2, 1866,in Erie, Pennsylvania. His mother was a domestic worker, and it was advantageous to young Henry that his mother was so employed. His mothers employer, Mrs. Elizabeth Russell, would breastfeed concerts by well-known performers in her home and Burleigh was permitted to attend. His interest in music was accute even at this young age and it would continue throughout his life and notable career. Burleigh interpret in the choirs at St. Pauls and the Park Presbyterian Church as well as at the Reform Jewish Temple. It seemed that he was always singing. He sang while he worked at jobs such as stenographer (which he took on to s... ...adition, in varying forms, today. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bibliography Bakers Biographical Dictionary of Music. Seventh Edition Boatner, Edward. I Want Jesus To Walk With Me, Galaxy Music Corp.,1939. New York B urleigh, H.T. Album of Negro Spirituals, Belwin, Inc., Florida. 1969 Knowledge Adventure. Inc. (1998) Gospel Music Where Blues and Spirituals Meet n.pag. Online. Internet. 18 Nov. 1998. procurablehttp//www.orat.ilst.edu/students/kgtarra Sionimsky, Nicholas, Schiemer Books. Advisor of Macmillan, Inc. New York. 1900. Terrance, Kelvin. African American Music The Spiritual.(1996) n.pag. Online.Internet. 18 Nov. 1998. Available htttp//www.orat.ilst.edu/students/kgtarra. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

U-2 Incident :: essays research papers

On May 1, 1960, two weeks prior to the UnitedStates-Soviet Summit in Paris, a U-2 high altitudereconnaissance airplane was shot down while flying aspy mission over the Soviet Union. The Eisenhower politics was forced to own up to the mission,and Khrushchev canceled the Paris Summit. As aresult, The Cold War between the United States andthe Soviet Union continued for over 30 years.Shortly after the end of World War II, United Statesand the Soviet Union emerged as the two superpowers.These two former state of wartime allies found themselveslocked in a struggle that came to be known as the ColdWar. Eisenhower saw the Cold War in stark moralterms "This is a war of light against darkness,freedom against slavery, Godliness against atheism."But the President refused to undertake an effort to"roll back" Soviet gains in the years after WW II.Early in his administration he embraced a policy ofcontainment as the cornerstone of his administrationsSoviet policy. Eisenhower rejec ted the notion of a"fortress America" isolated from the rest of theworld, good behind its atomic shield. He believedthat active US engagement in world affairs was thebest means of presenting the promise of democracy tonations susceptible to the intrusion ofSoviet-sponsored communism. Additionally, Eisenhowermaintained that dialogue between the US and the SovietUnion was crucial to the security of the entire globe,even if, in the process, each side was adding to itspile of nuclear weapons.The death of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, two monthsinto the Eisenhower presidency, gave rise to hopes ofa more flexible, accommodating Soviet leadership. In1953, Eisenhower delivered a speech underscoring thepotential human represent of the Cold War to both sides.Hoping to strike a more compatible tone with GeorgiMalenkov, Stalins successor, Eisenhower suggested theSoviets cease their brazen expansion of territory andinfluence in transfer for American cooperation andgoodwill. The Sovie ts responded coolly to the speech,especially to the USs insistence on free electionsfor German unification, self-determination for EasternEurope, and a Korean armistice. The two sides wouldnot meet face-to-face until the Geneva Summit of 1955.At the Summit, Eisenhower asserted, "I came to Genevabecause I believe mankind longs for freedom from warand the rumors of war. I came here because my lastingfaith in the decent instincts and good sense of thepeople who populate this world of ours." In thisspirit of good will, Eisenhower presented the Sovietswith his Open Skies proposal. In it he proposed thateach side interpret full descriptions of all theirmilitary facilities and allow for aerial inspectionsto insure the information was correct. The Sovietsrejected the proposal.

Homeless Citizens? Essay -- essays research papers

Homeless citizens are often considered a burden, more over, societys burden. The down-and-out seem, to the average citizen, to be habitually on drugs, or given up to violent behaviour. Should it not be our responsibility to help those who can not help themselves? That is just it, some of the impoverished are living under much(prenominal) appalling conditions that they can not pick themselves up onto their own strength. I have a few questions that I would like the average mortal to think back about regarding the homeless Why are they on the streets? What can they do about it? Is this societys dilemma and should society lend a selfless helping hand to clean up the streets? These are just a few questions that I will attempt to give my opinion on and if champion does not agree that they may, without prejudice, hear what I have to say. I hope that one would honestly take to heart the value of a hu creation life. pile all have a living, breathing soul in need of some sort of fire i n order to kick-start their life back together.     A man without a home is lost. To wander the streets with no hope is possibly one of the loneliest situations to be in. There are many understandings why a man is homeless. I was chatting with a homeless man once, he told me one of the main reasons he was on the street was due to cocaine use. He lost his family, hypothesize and everything he owned due to cocaine. The man did not go into detail about how he became addicted to the drug, or how long he had been on the streets, however just listening to this poor soul talk was depressing. According to him, he hated cocaine, but he could not kick the habit. Selling everything for the next inject is horrible. He never told me his name, but I could see in his eyes a lack of will to live. In his mind, life from that point in while was hopeless. That brief conversation was a totally spontaneous occurrence of a man trying to get some change I lied and tell that I did not have change on me. I could not trust him, I did not want him to use the money for cocaine. That is one reason why this human being and many others are living poorly. The poverty rate is extremely high in the United States     In 2000, 11.3% of the U.S. population, or 31.1 jillion mint, lived in poverty      (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2001). While the number of poor people has    ... ...tys homeless families. "We have to recognize the      costs and failings of our own best intentions," Bloomberg said. "This morning,      some 38,000 people -- including 16,000 children -- woke up in city shelters."      Bloomberg pledged to reduce the homeless population by two-thirds, and to plow      savings back into housing programs. He has earmarked $12 cardinal to seed these      programs, but his aides acknowledge the eventual cost will run into tens of      millions of dollars. (Powell)This city has the right idea, and even though we ourselves as one person can not do anything of this magnitude, we can always request and support the city when opportunities like this arise. Aside from these large scale efforts, all we have to do is lend a smile or a small helping hand. Our communities would be safer and more pleasant to be in, if only we took the effort to lend a helping hand. If a normal man was in the ratty old shoes of a poor man for just a day, he would anticipate no less.     

Homeless Citizens? Essay -- essays research papers

Homeless citizens are often considered a burden, more over, societys burden. The down-and-out seem, to the total citizen, to be habitually on drugs, or prone to violent behaviour. Should it not be our responsibility to help those who can not help themselves? That is just it, any(prenominal) of the impoverished are living under such appalling conditions that they can not pick themselves up onto their own strength. I have a a few(prenominal) questions that I would like the average person to think about regarding the homeless Why are they on the routes? What can they do about it? Is this societys dilemma and should society lend a selfless helping hand to clean up the streets? These are just a few questions that I allow attempt to give my opinion on and if one does not agree that they may, without prejudice, hear what I have to say. I hope that one would honestly analyze to heart the value of a human life. People all have a living, breathing soul in need of some sort of good time in order to kick-start their life back to put downher.     A man without a home is lost. To wander the streets with no hope is possibly one of the loneliest situations to be in. in that respect are many reasons why a man is homeless. I was chatting with a homeless man once, he told me one of the main reasons he was on the street was due to cocaine use. He lost his family, job and everything he owned due to cocaine. The man did not go into detail about how he became given to the drug, or how long he had been on the streets, but just listening to this suffering soul talk was depressing. According to him, he hated cocaine, but he could not kick the habit. Selling everything for the next hit is horrible. He never told me his name, but I could see in his eyes a lack of pass on to live. In his mind, life from that point in time was hopeless. That brief conversation was a totally spontaneous occurrence of a man trying to get some change I lied and said that I did n ot have change on me. I could not trust him, I did not want him to use the money for cocaine. That is one reason why this human being and many others are living poorly. The poverty rate is extremely proud in the United States     In 2000, 11.3% of the U.S. population, or 31.1 million people, lived in poverty      (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2001). While the number of poor people has    ... ...tys homeless families. "We have to bonk the      costs and failings of our own best intentions," Bloomberg said. "This morning,      some 38,000 people -- including 16,000 children -- woke up in city shelters."      Bloomberg pledged to reduce the homeless population by two-thirds, and to plow       nest egg back into housing programs. He has earmarked $12 million to seed these      programs, but his aides acknowledge the even tual cost will run into tens of      millions of dollars. (Powell)This city has the duty idea, and even though we ourselves as one person can not do anything of this magnitude, we can always request and support the city when opportunities like this arise. by from these large scale efforts, all we have to do is lend a smile or a small helping hand. Our communities would be safer and more agreeable to be in, if only we took the effort to lend a helping hand. If a normal man was in the ratty old shoes of a poor man for just a day, he would expect no less.     

Analysis of “You may turn over and begin” by Simon Armitage

You may turn over and begin is an interior monologue of a person who is sitting an exam, seemingly on the open(a) of General Studies. The agnomen itself lends itself well to this theme as you may turn over and begin are the words an exam invigilator says as an exam begins. The rime follows the thoughts of the vocaliser who may or may not be Armitage himself as he sits the exam whilst musing over exam doubtfulnesss and other things that enter the speakers thoughts when he has finished the paper.The startle line of the poem could be said to be the epithet itself as it directly links to the first line of the main body of the poem. While the title is said by some(prenominal)one else the remainder of the poem is the thoughts of the speaker, the fact that it is someones thoughts is pay backd by the seemingly random train of thought and the subjects themselves which are personal in nature- i.e. the speakers thoughts on milk white breasts and virginity in lines 12 and 13. The quest ions themselves are not representative of a general studies exam and are seemingly random, a good deal kindred thought processes often are, though abduce to the decameron could be linked to the adolescent and hormonal thoughts of lines 12 and 13. Armitages reputation for representing and understanding youth culture is highlighted by his reference to the general studies exam as ..a doddle, a cinch for anyone with an ounce of common sense in lines 6 and 7. This concept of general studies remains true now bit the speakers insight on the use of a calculator with a memory feature to cheat shows the writers comprehension of such things.Lines 10 and 11 reinforce the idea of general studies being an unimportant exam as the speaker neglects to check the work, instead choosing to let the mind wander. The next few galluss reflect on the injustice of male/female relations at that age whereby the boys are in a frenzied hormonal state while the girls remain unshakable long and coolout of reach. Use of imagery is evident as mention of the the heat in line 14 points to enforced informal repression on the part of men that age, while long and cool like cocktails indicates the heightened maturity of women (though referred to as girls by the speaker) at that age. There is further imagery shown by the lines describing their buns and pigtails only let out for older guys which makes the link between the exertion of control evident in those hairstyles, which in turn is relaxed for older men. This is a metaphorical representation of sexual control.As is common with thought patterns the subject suddenly changes in line 20 where the speaker reminisces on an occasion when the stale control of teenage girls is lost as a jot of consolation. The following couplets detail a comical situation which dispels some of the faade the speaker has built up about teenage girls. Lines 24-27 detail the girl primping herself but 28 and 29 tell of the motorbike pulling away, it is a typical of a story which would circulate around a college and the speaker reinforces this in line 30, referring to it as a rumour. The final line answers the first question posed by the exam paper and once again follows the theme of random thoughts as the answer just pops up, much as it would into ones mind. It may too be noted of this poem that, due to strong allusions to the fact, that it is Armitage or at least a male who is writing this, though there are no specific mentions of the speakers sexuality, merely referring to his/herself in the first person I.The complex body part of the poem is both random and yet structured. The lines are set out in 16 couplets (possibly a connection to the age of the speaker at time). Enjambment is evident in how the lines straddle separate couplets which connotes the theme of random thoughts without structure or set progress. The metre itself also reflects this with a seemingly random variance in syllables which reflects the fairly random process of thoug ht. While the majority of the lines within a couplet hold a similar metre (lines 1-2 with a 8 and 9 syllables respectively etc) one couplet that does stand out as breaking that spew that of lines 12 and 13. Line 12 has 14 syllables while 13 has 4 with virginity. The separation of the word from the others and putting it on its own both represents the importance of the subject to adolescent males while also possibly representing the speakers embarrassment about the subject.The use of couplets serves to create a slow methodical rhythm in the poem. Coupled with this, examples of weak and stressed syllables within the couplet poesy create a sense of the multiple choice nature of the paper the speaker is sitting. This is particularly evident in the first and second couplet. The rhythm is fairly structured when read aloud, this is compounded by use of strong para-rhyme- e.g. ..specifically/virginity, Honda/amber. The absence of a strict rhyme scheme or metre is in keeping with the unsys tematic nature of the thoughts of a person, though it must be noted that there is some structure to the poem as there is in some sections of the monologue of the speaker. An example of this is line 20 One jot of consolation which seems an unlikely sentence to rattling think, though it does serve to create a division in the speakers thoughts on lusting after girls from the story about the spindly girl riding pillion.Armitage is very much perceived as being of the poetry is the new rock and roll era so it is not surprising that much of the vernacular and thoughts are akin to that which nation of the college age. As is true of many contemporary poets the use of brands is evident her mans new Honda while much of the lexis, as previously mentioned, is colloquial, I.e. a doddle, a cinch. special attention is made to the appearance of the girl in lines 24 to 27 with pre modification evident, her tight jeans which continues the theme of a hormonal teenager lusting after girls.The poem it self is a mixture of teen angst and comedy. We tail assume that Armitage writes this poem from personal experience as most men can identify with the thoughts of the speaker, while everyone who has taken the general studies exams will identify with the speakers opinion on it as a bit of a waste of time. As a male I can sympathise with the speaker while a female reading this would be, in my opinion, more likely to focus on the comedy aspect of the poem quite an than the hormonal maelstrom that is shown in the first half of the poem. While the structure, rhythm and lexis all support the context of the poem it may be said that while the theme of random thought is well presented there are sections which detract from the success of the attempt to achieve this theme. This mainly manifests itself in the ordered nature of some of the narration and use of simile (long and cool like cocktails) which is not a realistic thought. Despite this the devices used combine to good effect in this per ception which is very easy to identify with.

Financial Engineering

Financial Engineering Introduction M some(prenominal) innovations are taking place in the place of arena of finance. Such innovations are together with called pecuniary innovation. Financial innovation is a process to adapt existing fiscal instruments and processes and to develop new one so as to enable financial market participants to cope more effectively with the changing world. In recent years fast developments are taking place in corporate and banking sectors. This has devoted birth to a new discipline which has come to called financial engineering.The consideration financial engineering was introduced by London banks. Financial engineering is the life line of financial innovation. Financial Engineering Financial engineeringis a multidisciplinary field involving financial theory, the methods of engineering, the tools of mathematics and the practice of programming. 1It has also been defined as the application of technical methods, especially frommathematical financeandcompu tational finance, in the practice offinance. In the United States, financial engineering programs are accredited by theInternational tie-in of Financial Engineers.Financial engineering draws on tools fromapplied mathematics,computer science,statisticsandeconomic theory. In broadest definition, anyone who uses technical tools in finance could be called a financial engineer, for example anycomputer programmerin abankor anystatisticianin a government economic bureau. However, most practitioners restrict the term to someone educated in the full range of tools of modern finance and whose work is informed by financial theory. It is sometimes restricted even further, to inter only those originating new financial products and strategies.Financial Engineering refers to the bundling and unbundling of securities. This is done in order to maximize profits using different combinations of equity, futures, options, fixed income, and swaps. They apply hypothetic finance and computer modeling ski lls to make pricing, hedging, trading and portfolio management decisions. Financial Engineers are prepared for careers in * Investment Banking * Corporate Strategic Planning * endangerment Management * Primary and Derivatives Securities Valuation * Financial Information Systems Management Portfolio Management * Security Trading Tools of financial engineering * Conceptual Tools It includes ideas and concepts on which finance as a subject is based. These includes valuation theory, portfolio theory, hedging theory, tax treatment etc. * Physical tools It includes the instruments and processes which can be combined together to accomplish some peculiar(prenominal) purposes. Factors contributing to the growth of Financial Engineering * Environmental Factors (External Factors) A) Change in price level B) Globalization of marketsC) Technological advancement D) Differential tax place * Internal Factors A) Liquidity needs B) Risk aversion C) Agency Costs D) Accounting benefits Financial Ree ngineering Financial reengineering is the concept of 21st century. Really speaking, it is an evolving concept. It is an extension of financial engineering. Newer and newer developments are taking place now in finance and related fields. Hence the existing instruments and processes must reengineer to suit the changing environment. This gives birth to financial reengineering.

Culture of Hybrid Stripped Bass in Cages

The hybrid striped sea bass (Morone crysops saxatilis) is a cross between the striped bass and the white bass. The two species were successfully hybridized for commercial domain in 1967 in California. The aqua finis of this weight can be conducted in either net pens or in consecrate ponds. A drawback to open pond culture is that ponds must be designed specifically for aquaculture, and in most cases they ar not. Usually ponds are designed with irrigation, peeshed conservation, live entrepot watering, or recreational purposes in mind. These ponds usually cannot be adequately drained or they have natural structures on their bottoms, which make harvesting difficult. However, with c bestride culture umpteen of these ponds can still be used for aquaculture.Cages or net pens are structures that enclose a number of fish in a confined cranial orbit keeping them from ranging freely. This makes harvest extremely easy. The fish are dipped out of the cages or the cage itself is simply re moved. Although the cage makes for a easier harvest the nature of the fish being in confined space calls for close management. Pond surface is very important when considering cage culture for commercial purposes. Five acres is the recommended coat for commercial culture ( due to atomic number 8 demand) although, smaller ponds can be used is mechanical aeration is used to offset the problem of group O depletion. Fish need oxygen to survive the oxygen they breathe is dissolved in the water. The amount of dissolved oxygen in the water is inversely proportional to the water temperature. Warmer water means smaller levels of oxygen saturation, which is where problems arise. As the water temperature increases so does the metabolism of the fish. This higher metabolism causes the fishto consume more oxygen. If oxygen levels are low this stresses the fish, which in turn causes the fish to consume more oxygen and further reducing levels in the pond. So for a cage culture operation to be successful a high lever of oxygen saturation must be maintained. This can be done in two ways victimisation a small number of fish on a large pond, or enhancing the ponds oxygen levels by mechanical means. The latter is what works best in intensive commercial situations. Mechanical methods such as paddlewheels, airlift pumps, or diffusers are artificial means of introducing oxygen into a pond. They simply expose more water surface to the atmosphere allowing a greater rate of oxygen transfer. Oxygen is one of the major limiting factors in determining how many pounds of fish can be produced in a given body of water. That is why in serious commercial cage culture a good oxygen meter is a valued piece of equipment.Keeping oxygen in mind, cages can be placed any where in the pond so colossal as there is enough open water around and under the cage to allow water to circulate. Cages should not be set side by side so water movement is not restricted. The ideal situation is to have two cag e lengths between cages. A minimum of two feet should be maintained between the bottom of the cage and the pond bottom to ensure an adequate buffer zone between the caged fish and the pond bottom, where organic drive away is broken down by bacteria causing low levels of oxygen. For greatest ease in feeding and harvesting it is suggested the cages be placed along a floating dock. Pond depth is another factor in cage culture. The pond should be at least six to seven feet deep just now no deeper than fifteen feet. Deeper ponds should be avoided due to water stratification. The cool water at the bottom will establish a density gradient so that normal wind action will only circulate the upper level of warm water. In dealing with water temperature hybrid stripped bass require water in the range of 72 to 78oF for optimal growth.With hybrid stripped bass it takes sixteen to twenty-four months to reach market size. The first course of instruction is devoted to fingerling production and th e second to market grow out. With hybrid striped bass there are two options with respect to size when stocking. You can stock material body I fingerlings or phase II yearlings. The phase I fish are 2 to 3 inches long and about two months old. on that point are several advantages to stocking phase I fish. They are cheaper and there fore can be stocked in high densities. Once they reach the age the excess phase II fish can be sold off keeping the grow out density near the ponds carrying capacity. The disadvantages of phase I fish are the use of small mesh cages restricting water flow, higher mortalities, and the need to train them to take feed. Phase II fish are 6 to 8 inches long and weigh about 1/3 of a pound. These fish are healthy accept feed and are supposed(prenominal) to experience significant mortalities if oxygen levels are maintained. The draw back to these fish is that they are expensive. In an intensive commercial situation phase I fish prove to be the most profitable.T he caged hybrid stripped bass are completely dependent on the farmer for sustenance due to them being confined in cages. There fore they must be feed daily with a high quality diet. The caged fish should be cater y hand to best manage them. Feeding by hand gives instant feedback on the health of the fish. Fish should be fed twice a day once in the morning and once in the evening. Do not feed the fish after dark for this is when oxygen levels are at their lowest. Be consistent in your feeding patterns for seclude changes can disrupt the behavior patterns of the fish. The feed should be of good quality the protein amount and food size depend on the fish size. The smaller the fish the smaller the feed and the higher protein content needed. There is not a complete diet food for hybrid striped bass instead you must use trout and salmon diets. Due to this the feed rate stays between 2 to 3 share body weight per day for pound fish decreasing as the fish reaches harvest size. Fish less than pound are feed 5 percent body weight per day. For Hybrid striped bass the food conversion efficiency ranges from 1.8 to2.51.Hybrid stripped bass are fast attracting consumer following in seafood markets around the country. The inland culture of Hybrid stripped bass is best undertaken in cages or net pens since it enables the use of most farm ponds with were previously thought useless foe aquaculture purposes. The cages enable the farmer to keep tight control over his fish and allow for easy feeding and harvest. With this type of culture market size fish pound to 2 pound and up fish can be achieved by the end of the second year.

Quality Culture

There are many differences between a quality gloss and a traditional civilization. While we are preparing policies and applying quality culture, we need to appreciate these differences and plan accordingly. There will be an evaluation between the differences of quality culture and a traditional culture. Quality culture is basically incorporation of quality in the overall system of an organization which leads to a positive internal environment and creation of delighted customers.Traditional culture consists of the beliefs and practices held or observed by specific human groups that have been passed down from their ancestors through their grand-parents, parents and the society around them. Within religion, it is holding or observing authoritative festivals. Within a community it is behaving or acting in a way that has been regularly done in the past specifically in that special(prenominal) part of the world. In business, we have the practices that we presently use and the practice s that we have had from past vision statements. The business of focus in this paper is Walmart.There are accepted factors that will allow the company to be evaluated under the quality and traditional cultures. Sam Walton started Walmart in 1962 in Rogers, Arkansas. He started his operating philosophy slogan to be People First. Sam Walton believed in the catering to the customer. The slogans that come along afterwards are Save Money. Live Better, replacing Always low prices. The worlds largest retailer give tongue to its first new ad tagline in 19 years comes as the company is incorporating more of an emotional tone into its advertising (usatoday 2007).Referencehttp//hbswk.hbs.edu/item/2375.html

Information Systmes in Global Business Today Essay

1) What are UPS smart stigmatizes? What social function do they play in UPS operations?Answer UPS Smart Labels is a computer generated shipping label that stores all pertinent data for shipping of packages from inception to delivery. It stores the sender training in order to facilitate timely and efficient delivery of the package.The Smart Labels plays an classic role in UPS operation. UPS was founded on a promised made by Jim Casey and Claude Ryan in 1907, The Best Service and Lowest Rate, with that, today the smart label ease up the UPS guests with an increased in reliability, knowledge and flexibility in delivery of the package.2) Write out the steps a package takes from pick-up by UPS driver to delivery including the role of DIAD, the UPS Data Center, and the UPS Package CenterAnswer First, the client input all the information about the package, then all the information is sent to a main(prenominal) database, and instantly the system generates a smart label which is attach ed to the package, Second, The UPS driver picks up each day a handheld computer called a lecture Information Acquisition Device, (DIAD), which has the daily route in addition, the DIAD can access a wireless database. The UPS Data Center stores the package delivery, all the while providing the guest with up to minute information. It is important to note, at the same time all this is happening, all package goes through a package center and all information is stored in the data base.3) What role does wireless communication play in the UPS systems?Answer Wireless communication plays an intricate role in the UPS system. To ensure flexibility, the DIAD IV includes wireless connectivity options. This allows customers to communicate with devices (cellphone, computer) to track their packages. Anyone with a package to ship can access the UPS web site to track their packages. This approach ordain increase customer satisfaction and revenue.4) How Has information technology transformed the pa ckage delivery business?Answer Information technology has transformed the package delivery business in a significant way. The technology has afforded companies to utilize less paper and storage space. It also allows efficiency and timely delivery as well as allowing the customer to monitor and even re-route packages throughout the delivery process. This can be done from utilizing their desktop and or smartphones. The bar code is scanned at various locations and the data is stored at the central base all this is done when a customer input the data and the drivers scan the bar code.5) How does UPSs investment in IT help it come across the strategic business objectives described in Chapter 1? Answer UPS investment in IT is essential in achieving their strategic business plan. UPS is continuously seeking to rectify operational excellence in order to achieve increase profitability. The new product (DIAD IV) is essential in communication data to provide information. Because of IT invest ment, UPS has acquired customer and provider Intimacy through customer ability to track packages via desktop/smartphones.With IT, UPS business manager and drivers are able to operate in real-time with shared information. This will afford an opportunity to for managers responded timely to situations that may arise. In addition, investment in provide a competitive advantage to UPS. It allows elimination of waste, continuous improvements and optimizing customer satisfaction. Because UPS continue invested in IT, the organization will remain on the cutting edge of technology and the company will continue to survive.

Is Music is purely for relaxation Essay

practice of medicine is purely for relaxation. Do you agree?In every corner of the b in all, people see and listen to medication. Music is everywhere is earth has ears. Music so often defies definition. Music is often considered as one of the two most precious largesss from God. For the sake of clarity medicinal drug is often defined as the organisation of sounds and silences into interesting and meaningful patterns. Music is ubiquitous and has existed since time immemorial. Man simply cannot imagine life without this divine gift. just to say that medicinal drug is purely for relaxation is very lopsided. This is so because music has a multitude of functions.Music is a sine qua non in a mans life and has an amazing power. It works miracles on the human psyche. Music has the ability to alter the brain chemistry. Thats why music is important for our psychic equilibrium. We cede various signs of music to appeal to various people who have various temperaments. Music has a soo thing effect on man. After a hard day of work, music brings a welcome relief. Music has the ability to relax both our mind and muscles. Also, music is used in therapy as it has a therapeutic value. Music relaxes patients and its a steering for them to get over their pent up feelings. Altogether, music plays a central role in the way we relax. Lots of people go to nightclubs and discotheques to have a break from humdrum life as music and dancing make us feel refreshed.though lots of people consider music as a medium of relaxation, it is often used for human solidarity. Music is not an end in itself. It is a means to an end. Music is the best way to demonstrate human solidarity. Musicians use music to raise funds for laudable purposes and also to sensitise the world on the sufferings of other fellow earthlings. Some examples if great music for such causes be heal the world for childrens right imagine by John Lennon for world peace and lately, live for love united written by Desmon d Child and Pascal Obispo and sang by well known footballers to raise funds for the fleck of aids.Likewise, music plays an important role in mass consciousness. Music is used as a vehicle to vent out human misery. The jazz serene by the blackpeople the reggae of Bob Marley is a way for the black to express themselves in the teeth of white domination. There is the Sega by the slaves and now the Sega control a way to denounce and fight social and political injustices.Furthermore, music is used to reinforce religious faith. In the England churchs music and songs are used to remobilize believers. In Mauritius, Father Grgoire shows the way of God through music. Even the pope once symbolically displayed a guitar just to show that music has a spiritual dimension. All religion in the world has a distinct type of music. An example is the Gregorian. Gregorian chant is the a cappella liturgical chant of western Christian churches. Moreover music is associated with patriotism. Each country in the world has its own national anthem.Music has its place in the sports world and fathers international goodwill. In some sports disciplines like ballet dancing, ice-skating and synchronised swimming music is of great importance as music together with such sports disciplines express human grace of God in its best form. The Olympic committee even has its own music and so does the champions league. Football team like Liverpool has its own music which is youll never walk alone.The film industry has gone a long way since the silent movie. Nowadays, music and film making go hand in hand. India is the biggest producer of films and music occupies a fundamental role. As a great Indian producer once said that action, love and the most important of all music forms part of all Indian films. Also he added without music Indian film would have been simply boring and this industry would not have lasted long. In Bollywood, A.R.Rahman is one of the best music composers. Also the film Taal whic h means beat is based on music and this film is simply extraordinary. In Hollywood, the music directors are extremely professional because music becomes part of the movie. Films like Saturday night fever Grease and Dirty dancing are magnum opus. Films and songs together help to each one other to become hits and the most lately appropriate example is Titanic with the song My heart will go on by Celine Dion.Nevertheless, music is also used for evil purposes. Martial music is written especially to mobilise troops before going in a battle and to incite soldiers. This type of music helps and makes them mentally strong to face their enemy. Also music is a vehicle for propaganda. In U.S.S.R music was used to brainwash people in companionship to make them believe in communism as religion. With the help of music, musicians can express their hatred. Eminem usually express hatred in his songs for gays and lesbians.Music is a gift of God and has become part and parcel of the human life. We si mply cannot imagine life without it. It is everywhere and without it, we all would surely die of boredom. Its incredible effect is beautifully summarised by Congreve when he said Music hath the charm to soothe the savage beauty, to smoothen the rock and to bend the knotted oak and Shakespeare If music is the food of love, play on.

Should design be a compulsory subject in high school? Essay

Design refers to the process of creating a work that satisfy the requirement, including conception, preliminary sketch, devising etc. This essay will argue that design should be a compulsory eccentric in high school for the following reasons improvement of average level of design skill and fellowship, enrichment of students imagination and creativeness and connection with new(prenominal) subjects.The first argument that design should be a compulsory subject in high school is improvement of average level of design skill and knowlight-emitting diodege. As students living in modern-day society, it is necessary for them to have a better understanding of a piece of work specifically, from cream and matching of colors to massive mental synthesis in furniture or architecture, through this curriculum. Besides, in umteen working aspects these design knowledge are highly applicable, such as PowerPoint, Photoshop skills, which is beneficial to their future career. small-arm it fanny b e argued that not every work has requirement of them, as a matter of fact, they usher out be employ not only in working field but likewise in daily life to meet contemporary aesthetic values. For example, students are aware how to dress up in a fashionable way or how to choose tasteful as well as usable furniture to decorate their homes, making their lives more enjoyable.Additionally, it could be argued that design, as a compulsory subject in high school, usher out enrich students imagination and creativity. During the period of adolescence when their imagination and creativity are booming rapidly, they enquire a stage where they are able to express innermost thoughts freely rather than absorb knowledge blindly. Hence, in the design class they are provided an opportunity to make fully use of their imagination and creativity and realize their thoughts. Plus, they will receive a large number of innovative ideas when they have interaction with other students. Although it is belie ved that not every student have plentiful imagination and creativity, actually these courses will guide students how they explore and develop them as much as they can.Finally, design being a compulsory subject in high school has strong connection with other subjects. When students study design, they are more likely to take other arts subjects such as history, cultures, which are tightly associated with design. Students always remember the days when William Morris led the Art Craft Reform and those modern designs from Bauhaus. Not only the arts knowledge but also the science ones can be obtained from various designs. For example, a great deal of mathematical regulation can be found in the designs made by nature and some of these patterns physically contribute to structure in architecture. While more time may be put in studying, students actually can relax their brains after whole day intense study of Math or English when discovering and appreciating the salmon pink of their colorf ul lives.In conclusion, there are several reasons, which strongly support the argument that design should be a compulsory subject in high school. In fact learning design in high school can benefit students by promoting their basic design skill, which can be applied in future occupation, and their daily tastes, cultivating their imagination and creativity and exploring relationship between design and other subject through a relaxing atmosphere.

Patient-Centered Care

tell apart Based Practice Patient-centered dread1 demonstrate Based Practice Patient-centered Care Evidence Based Practice Patient-centered Care2 Patient-centered Care In the definition of longanimous-centered get by it states that we should recognize the patient as the source of control in providing merciful and coordinated care based on respect for patients preferences, values, and needs(NAP, 2003). In this quantitative pedagogy strategy by Pamela Ironside, PhD, RN, FAAN she aims to do that, along with physical comfort and some emotional support for the family.In a culture as diverse as the United States it is of great importance that individuals in the health care field learn to communicate and understand each patient. We must remember when implementing a communication strategy, that in that location are many elements that require the experience cultural variations, personal dignity, and interpersonal relationships. Gathering knowledge of patients beliefs, and values, alo ng with community preferences can be an effective strategy to overcoming diversity and improving communication.It is of the essence(p) to understand not only that people are distinguishable but also how to pinch these differences in order to supply individuals with appropriate healthcare. This is a teaching strategy about a lucifer who vox populi they were doing the best for their first born child but in return was possibly going to stick out them forever. There were decisions that they were going to have to make, whether to continue with the treatment or stop it. This was not a chronic couple though, they were Buddhists and the staff had no idea what the rituals for death and dying were, along with looking different the couple had dread locks, tattoos, andEvidence Based Practice Patient-centered Care3 multiple piercings but they also were a fix and father who may be losing their rape. As the nurse introduces herself, which is every time we enter the patients room, she is determined to bob up some sort of connection with the mother. Who turned out to be a very distraught mother who was unable to make any important decisions. The nurse realizes the mother is unable to make clear decisions and duologue to her supervisor to set up a care conference so they could talk about this babys quality of life.There comes the time when you have to say goodbye to a loved one. Could you do it? Or would you want the doctor to do anything and everything possible to save your loved ones life? Each person has his or her own set of values, norms, and beliefs. Individuals share these with others from their own culture however with the vast number of separate cultures right away it is important to understand not only that people are different but also how to embrace these differences in order to supply individuals with appropriate healthcare.There are many ways in which differences and cultures can affect health care services. Different cultures have different beliefs a bout health, wellness, and healing. This couple wanted to keep their new-sprung(a) away from all the bugs in the hospital, but that is possibly where his/her life ended. Showing support and respect for different health beliefs creates a better interpersonal relationship between patient and nurse along with the physician. health care providers should seek and obtain knowledge of their patients diverse cultures.In todays military personnel of diversity, knowledge is a valuable resource. The more the health care providers know the more they will Evidence Based Practice Patient-centered Care4 understand. When treated with dignity, respect, and genuine concern, a patient along with the entire family is more relaxed and at ease. Evidence Based Practice Patient-centered Care5 Ironside, P. M. Exploring the Complexity of Advocacy Balancing Patient-Centered Care and Safety. (n. d. ). Retrieved May 21, 2007, from http//www. qsen. org/teachingstrategy. php? id=58

Roll of thunder hear my cry

Tailors novel conveys how racism and darkness continues even after when discolor bondage was terminate as it is an unfortunate part of Americas history. Cassia experiences racism and injustice in the store at strawberry since she was treated unfairly since she had to give priority to face cloth peck in the queue Just because of the pretension of her skin. In this essay, it exit contain how racism and injustice Is shown when Cassia was at the store, how It affects the reader and the Intentions of the author In this passage.Racial discrimination Is when you are showing abusive behavior towards members of another race, In this case It Is Mr.. Barnett discriminating Cassia. mischief Is shown throughout the passage as white flock were maestro to saturnine people as they were single out by the Jim Crow Laws which gave white people more power over ignominious people. In the passage, Mildred D Taylor shows that racial discrimination still existed during the peachy Depressio n as Cassia was racially ab employ. For example, Whose little Ruggeri Is this This reveals that Mr.. Barnett Is a racist person as he Is purposely calling classes a Ruggeri which Is offensive to unforgiving people. The writers purport to use the word Niger was to show that it was an alternative word to call a black person and how it was used frequently during the broad Depression and the slavery times towards black people. This makes the reader generalise the word about was a word used every day and offensively towards black people during the large Depression.It was in like manner so common that white people felt it was alright to say inning towards a black person since there was no consequences for saying a racist word as black people were inferior. However, even Hough the word Niger do Cassia angry since she doesnt understand that white people were superior during the Great Depression but Stacey seems to understand and had to accept this as he is older than Cassia so there fore, he has experienced more things such as this event but inside him, he retains his anger as he knows the consequences.This creates an effect on the reader as he/she would regard this is vile and disgusting so therefore, since Cassia loves making revenge plans, the reader would be eager meaning that he/she will continue reading to find out more. This elapse the reader to understand that even after when black slavery was ended, black people were still continuously discriminated with the word Niger as the Jim Crow Laws kept white people superior to black people. Mildred D Taylor also shows that prejudice still existed during the Great Depression as black people were not allowed to question/speak up for themselves.For example This gal your, Hazel? No sun, answered the women meekly, stepping hastily away to show she had nothing to do with me. This shows that black people wasnt allowed to speak up for themselves because of the UK Klux Klan as they imperil black people. The Jim Cro w Laws allowed white people to gain superiority over black people so therefore If a white person killing a black person, the white person will not be charged meaning that Injustice existed even when slavery was finished so black people lived In fear as Hazel was stepping hastily away to show she had nothing to do with Classes.The writers Intention was to show that black people wasnt allowed to speak up for themselves so therefore, they still didnt film immunity even after slavery was ended people. This helps the reader to understand that during the Great Depression, black people were muzzled by white people because there was a lot of injustice and racism towards black people which do black people inferior. In the passage, black people were not allowed to touch white people which made black people inferior. For example, and tugged on his shirt sleeve to get his attention.He recoiled as if I struck him. This shows that some(prenominal) white people like Mr.. Barnett didnt like to be touched by black people because he thinks that they are sloughy and disgusting as he recoiled when Cassia tried to get his attention. From this, the writers intention is to show that white people didnt like being in contact with black people as they think they are too superior to them during the Great Depression. The writer also showed that black people was viewed as dirty people so therefore, white people didnt allow black people to touch them.This helps the reader to understand that not only black people was discriminated but they wasnt allowed to touch white people which means they didnt have freedom as they couldnt touch white people and they were treated like filth. The writer also mean too recoiled as if I struck him. This creates an effect n the reader as it gives a break off imagery of how Mr.. Barnett reacted when Cassia tried to get his attention. If a black person touched a white person then the black person would be punished and would probably be lynched Just becau se he touched a white person.This is similar to Emmett Tills case but instead he said Bye, baby to a white female as he was leaving a store but then he was tortured and murdered because of what he said. This shows that black people had no freedom as they could only do certain things towards a white person but instead white people would be qualified to do anything to them. In the passage, Mildred D Taylor shows that racial discrimination and injustice continued during the Great Depression as black people were treated unfairly. In this case, Mr.. Barnett treated Cassia as an inferior person so he told Cassia to get her little black self back over there and front some more.This reveals that black people had to be served last in a queue which shows that black people were treated unfairly during the Great Depression as Cassia was forced to await chronic even though she waited for a while. Mr.. Barnett also shows no respect towards black people as he said little black self. The writer s intention is to show that black people was racially discriminated in a shop as they were treated unfairly and had to wait until all the white people was served during the Great Depression.This helps the reader to understand that even black children was racially discriminated during the Great Depression as Cassia had to wait longer until all white people was served but Cassia understands that adults ruled things and there was nothing that could be dont about them. This reveals that Cassia understands things about adults but doesnt understand why white people are superior to white people and also made Cassia upset as she was being so attractive to Mr.. Barnett but Mr.. Barnett responded rudely.In conclusion, this passage helps the reader in many ways to understand the point of racism and injustice such as understanding how life was like being a black person during the Great Depression, how unfair it was and how they lived in fear such as when Cassia was racially abused by Mr.. Ba rnett. Injustice and racism is shown throughout the passage as Mr.. Barnett racially discriminates Cassia. The passage also helps the reader to understand the theme of racism and as when Hazel was scared and had to be silenced by Mr.. Barnett.

Charles Baudelaire

Born in Paris in 1821, Charles Baudelaire has want been recognized as not sole(prenominal) one of the coarseest poets of the nineteenth century but alike a forefather of unexampled art. Baudelaire lived during a tumultuous time in cut history and his educate was impacted by a number of political events. However, his personal life story was as well as turbulent star of the most scarring episodes of his life was the terminal of his father in 1827 and his mothers hasty remarriage to a general in the french army. Baudelaire detested his stepfather some(prenominal) personally and as a image of the corrupt July monarchy established following the 1830 Revolution.He went to great lengths to upset his stepfather, squandering his inheritance and living a bohemian lifestyle. Worried ab push through his behavior, his family sent him on a devolve on across the Mediterranean, whose foreign sweetie left a lasting impression on the young poet. Shortly after Baudelaires return to Pari s, the 1848 Revolution overthrew the July monarch and established a republic in France for the first time in more(prenominal) than fifty years. Baudelaire greeted the revolution with enthusiasm, fighting among the barricades and openly defying his stepfather in public.However, his blessedness short turned to disenchantment when Louis Napoleon, the original Napoleons nephew, overthrew the Second Republic in 1851. Louis Napoleons coup detat instituted the Second Empire, ratiocination the hopes for a republican form of government that men like Baudelaire favored. His disenchantment consequently turned to hopelessness when Louis Napoleon began an intense rebuilding and public works project aimed at modernizing Paris. Baudelaire was horrified with the oddment of the old-fashioned and medieval fractions of Paris that he had beseeched his home. His longing for the old Paris would play a major utilization in his poetry.Baudelaires disgust with politics led to a rejection of ver acity in favor of an obsessive imagine terra firma inspired by drugs, the exotic apricot of the Mediterranean, and the search for love. He was strongly influenced in this affect not only by his experiences on the Mediterranean but as well by Edgar Allen Poe, whose writings he translated into French. Baudelaire was fascinated by Poes evocation of the murky side of the predilection, and he found a comparably ignominious seductiveness in the paintings of Eugene Delacroix and Edouard Manet, as well as the music of Wagner. These stalks and influences play a redominant role in Baudelaires 1857 arrangement of poetry, The Flowers of flagitious, which juxtaposed the negative themes of exile, decay, and termination with an lofty universe of pleasure. Baudelaires exotic themes quickly caught the attention of the government, which condemned The Flowers of ugly for immorality. hostile his friend, Gustave Flaubert, whose Madame Bovary was as well put on trial, Baudelaire bemuse d his case, had to pay a fine, and was forced to remove some poetrys from the collection. Baudelaire was devastated by this rejection of his work, which he attributed to the hypocrisy of a bourgeoisie incapable of understanding esthetical innovation. heretofore at the same time, he saw the condemnation of his work as the culmination of the different themes and events that had make ford his artistic talent delinquencyce his young person no achievement of bag could be unaccompanied by bitterness and disappointments. Indeed, with this philosophy, Baudelaire shifted the attention of the art instauration to the darker side of life, inspiring contemporary and future artists to bran-new levels of perception and provocation. Analysis A confession of hopes, dreams, failures, and sins, The Flowers of Evil attempts to extract peach from the malignant.Unlike traditional poetry that relied on the serene steady of the natural public to bring in emotions, Baudelaire felt that modern po etry moldiness evoke the artificial and paradoxical aspects of life. He thought that beauty could evolve on its own, irrespective of constitution and even fueled by sin. The result is a unsnarl opposition between both human races, short temper and the sample. irascibility signifies everything that is wrong with the world death, despair, solitude, murder, and disease. (The spleen, an organ that removes disease-ca employ agents from the bloodstream, was traditionally associated with restlessness spleen is a synonym for ill-temper. ) In contrast, the model represents a transcendence over the harsh universe of spleen, where love is possible and the sniff outs atomic number 18 united in ecstasy. The ideal is primarily an range of reality through wine, opium, travel, and passion. Dulling the harsh impact of ones failure and regrets, the ideal is an imagined state of happiness, ecstasy, and voluptuousness where time and death earn no place. Baudelaire practically uses ero tic effigyry to fill the impassioned feeling of the ideal. However, the vocaliser is consistently disappointed as spleen again takes up its reign.Read as well as Edgar Allan Poe DrugsHe is endlessly confronted with the fear of death, the failure of his allow for, and the suffocation of his life story. nonetheless even as the poems speaker system is thwarted by spleen, Baudelaire himself never desists in his attempt to shed the freaky bonnie, an attempt perfectly expressed by the juxtaposition of his ii worlds. As in the poem Carrion, the decomposing frame of reference has not only artistic value but inspires the poet to render it beautifully. Women are Baudelaires main source of symbolism, a great deal serving as an intermediary between the ideal and spleen.Thus, while the speaker must run his humanity bureau through a muliebritys hair in order to conjure up his ideal world, he subsequently compares his lover to a decomposing animal, reminding her that one day she leave behind be kissing worms instead of him. His lover is two his muse, providing ephemeral perfection, and a curse, condemning him to unrequited love and an early death. Women, thus, embody both what Baudelaire called the elevation toward matinee idol and what he referred to as the gradual de olfactory modality toward Satan They are luminous guides of his imagination but also monstrous vampires that intensify his scent out of spleen, or ill temper.The result is a moderate misogyny Baudelaire associates women with temperament thus, his attempt to capture the poetry of the artificial necessarily denied women a positive role in his artistic vision. Baudelaires poetry also obsessively evokes the posture of death. In To a Passerby, a possible love evoke turns out to be a menacing death. Female demons, vampires, and monsters also consistently remind the speaker of his mortality. However, the toss of time, in particular in the form of a newly remodeled Paris, isolates the sp eaker and makes him feel alienated from society.This theme of frenzy leaves the speaker alone to the horrific contemplation of himself and the hopes of a consoling death. Baudelaire march on emphasizes the proximity of death through his reliance on religious iconry and deception. He earnestly believes that Satan controls his everyday actions, making sin a depressing reminder of his lack of surplus will and eventual death. Finally, elements of fantastical horrorfrom skin sensess to fruity to black cats amplify the destructive force of the spleen on the mind.Baudelaire was inspired by Edgar Allen Poes Tales of Mystery and Imagination, and he saw Poes use of fantasy as a way of emphasizing the mystery and tragedy of human being costence. For example, Baudelaires three different poems about black cats express what he saw as the taunting ambiguity of women. Moreover, the presence of tortured demons and phantoms make the possibility of death more immediate to the speaker, prefig uring the fear and isolation death will bring. epitome Baudelaire famously begins The Flowers of Evil by personally addressing his reader as a confederate in the creation of his poetry Hypocrite readermy likenessmy brother In To the Reader, the speaker evokes a world filled with decay, sin, and hypocrisy, and dominated by Satan. He claims that it is the Devil and not God who controls our actions with puppet strings, vaporizing our free will. instinctively drawn toward hell, humans are nothing but instruments of death, more ugly, evil, and fouler than any monster or demon. The speaker claims that he and the reader complete this image of humanity One side of humanity (the reader) reaches for fantasy and out of true honesty, while the other (the speaker) exposes the boredom of modern life.The speaker continues to rely on contradictions between beauty and unsightliness in The Albatross. This poem relates how sailors enjoy trapping and mocking giant albatrosses that are too weak to e scape. craft these birds imprisoned kings, the speaker marvels at their ugly awkwardness on land compared to their graceful command of the skies. only when as in the introductory poem, the speaker compares himself to the fallen image of the albatross, observing that poets are likewise exiled and ridiculed on earth. The beauty they have seen in the sky makes no sense to the teasing crowd Their giant go keep them from base on balls. numerous other poems also address the role of the poet. In Benediction, he says I go through that You hold a place for the Poet / In the ranks of the blessed and the saints legions, / That You invite him to an eternal festival / Of thrones, of virtues, of dominations. This divine index is also a dominant theme in Elevation, in which the speakers godlike ascendancy to the heavens is compared to the poets omniscient and paradoxical role to understand the silence of bangs and mutes. His privileged position to savor the secrets of the world allows hi m to create and repair beauty.In transport the world-beater of the poet, the speaker relies on the verbiage of the mythologically sublime and on spiritual exoticism. The godlike air power of the speakers spirit in Elevation becomes the artistry of Apollo and the fertility of Sybille in I love the Naked Ages. He then travels back in time, rejecting reality and the material world, and conjuring up the spirits of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Rembrandt, and Hercules in The Beacons. The power of the poet allows the speaker to invoke sensations from the reader that correspond to the works of each artistic figure.Thus, he uses this powerhis imagination to create beacons that, like divine opium, illuminate a mythical world that mortals, lost in the wide woods, cannot usually see. After first evoking the accomplishments of great artists, the speaker proposes a voyage to a mythical world of his own creation. He first summons up Languorous Asia and passionate Africa in the poem The percentage point of Hair. Running his fingers through a womans hair allows the speaker to create and travel to an exotic land of liberty and happiness.In exotic Perfume, a womans scent allows the speaker to evoke A lazy island where constitution produces / gay tress and savory fruits. The image of the perfect woman is then an intermediary to an ideal world in Invitation to a Voyage, where scents of amber and oriental splendor capture the speakers imagination. Together with his egg-producing(prenominal) companion, the speaker expresses the power of the poet to create an perfect setting just for them There, all is nothing but beauty and elegance, / Luxury, calm and voluptuousness. FormBaudelaire was a classically trained poet and as a result, his poems follow traditional poetic bodily structures and rhyme schemes (ABAB or AABB). that Baudelaire also wanted to provoke his contemporary readers, breaking with traditional style when it would best suit his poetrys boilersuit e ffect. For example, in Exotic Perfume, he contrasted traditional meter (which contains a break after every one-fifth syllable in a ten-syllable line) with enjambment in the first quatrain. The result is an amplified image of light Baudelaire evokes the ecstasy of this image by juxtaposing it with he calm regularity of the turn in the beginning of the poem. Other departures from tradition allow Baudelaires habit of transferral ecstasy with exclamation points, and of expressing the accessibility of happiness with the indicative present and future verb tenses, both of which function to produce his poetrys expressive tone. Moreover, none of his innovations came at the cost of formal beauty Baudelaires poetry has a good deal been described as the most musical and melodious poetry in the French style. Commentary The Flowers of Evil evokes a world of paradox already implicit in the contrast of the title.The word evil (the French word is mal, convey both evil and sickness) comes to signify the pain and misery inflicted on the speaker, which he responds to with melancholy, anxiety, and a fear of death. only when for Baudelaire, at that place is also something seductive about evil. Thus, while writing The Flowers of Evil, Baudelaire often tell that his intent was to extract beauty from evil. Unlike traditional poets who had only focused on the simplistically pretty, Baudelaire chose to fuel his language with horror, sin, and the macabre.The speaker describes this duality in the introductory poem, in which he explains that he and the reader form two sides of the same coin. Together, they play out what Baudelaire called the tragedy of mans twoness. He saw subsistence itself as paradoxical, each man feeling two synchronous inclinations one toward the grace and elevation of God, the other an animalistic descent toward Satan. except like the physical beauty of flowers intertwined with the abstract threat of evil, Baudelaire felt that one extreme could not exis t without the other.Baudelaire struggled with his Catholicism his whole life and, thus, made religion a prevalent theme in his poetry. His language is steeped in biblical imagery, from the offense of Satan, to the crucifixion, to the Fall of Adam and Eve. He was obsessed with Original Sin, lamenting the bolshie of his free will and projecting his sense of guilt onto images of women. Yet in the first part of the spleen and Ideal section, Baudelaire emphasizes the harmony and perfection of an ideal world through his special closeness to God He first compares himself to a divine and martyred wildcat in TheAlbatross and then gives himself divine powers in Elevation, combining linguistic communication like infinity, immensity, divine, and hover. The speaker also has an extraordinary power to create, weaving together abstract paradises with powerful human experiences to form an ideal world. For example, in Correspondences, the speaker evokes amber, musk, benzoin and incense / That si ng, transporting the soul and sense. He not only has the power to give vowel system to things that are silent but also relies on images of heartilyth, luxury, and pleasure to call upon and empower the readers senses.In Exotic Perfume, the theme of the voyage is made possible by closing ones eyes and living in the warm scent of a womans breasts. In effect, reading Baudelaire means feeling Baudelaire The profusion of pleasure-inducing representations of heat, sound, and scent suggest that happiness involves a joining of the senses. This first section is devoted exclusively to the ideal, and Baudelaire relies on the synopsis of myth to convey the escape from reality and drift into nostalgia that the ideal represents. This theme recalls the poets own flight from the rottenness of Paris with his trip along the Mediterranean.In The Head of Hair, the speaker indeterminately refers to Languorous Africa and passionate Asia, whose abstract presence further stimulates the readers imagina tion with the mythical symbolism of sea, ocean, sky, and oasis. The figure of women further contributes to this ideal world as an intermediary to happiness. The speaker must either breathe in a womans scent, caress her hair, or otherwise engage with her presence in order to conjure up the paradise he seeks. His fervent ecstasy in this poem derives from the lascivious presence of his lover The world o my love wims on your fragrance. Spleen and Ideal, Part I Summary Baudelaire famously begins The Flowers of Evil by personally addressing his reader as a partner in the creation of his poetry Hypocrite readermy likenessmy brother In To the Reader, the speaker evokes a world filled with decay, sin, and hypocrisy, and dominated by Satan. He claims that it is the Devil and not God who controls our actions with puppet strings, vaporizing our free will. Instinctively drawn toward hell, humans are nothing but instruments of death, more ugly, evil, and fouler than any monster or demon.The s peaker claims that he and the reader complete this image of humanity One side of humanity (the reader) reaches for fantasy and false honesty, while the other (the speaker) exposes the boredom of modern life. The speaker continues to rely on contradictions between beauty and unsightliness in The Albatross. This poem relates how sailors enjoy trapping and mocking giant albatrosses that are too weak to escape. Calling these birds captive kings, the speaker marvels at their ugly awkwardness on land compared to their graceful command of the skies.Just as in the introductory poem, the speaker compares himself to the fallen image of the albatross, observing that poets are likewise exiled and ridiculed on earth. The beauty they have seen in the sky makes no sense to the teasing crowd Their giant wings keep them from walking. Many other poems also address the role of the poet. In Benediction, he says I k forthwith that You hold a place for the Poet / In the ranks of the blessed and the sai nts legions, / That You invite him to an eternal festival / Of thrones, of virtues, of dominations. This divine power is also a dominant theme in Elevation, in which the speakers godlike ascendancy to the heavens is compared to the poets omniscient and paradoxical power to understand the silence of flowers and mutes. His privileged position to savor the secrets of the world allows him to create and define beauty. In conveying the power of the poet, the speaker relies on the language of the mythically sublime and on spiritual exoticism. The godlike aviation of the speakers spirit in Elevation becomes the artistry of Apollo and the fertility of Sybille in I love the Naked Ages. He then travels back in time, rejecting reality and the material world, and conjuring up the spirits of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Rembrandt, and Hercules in The Beacons. The power of the poet allows the speaker to invoke sensations from the reader that correspond to the works of each artistic figure. Th us, he uses this powerhis imagination to create beacons that, like divine opium, illuminate a mythical world that mortals, lost in the wide woods, cannot usually see. After first evoking the accomplishments of great artists, the speaker proposes a voyage to a mythical world of his own creation.He first summons up Languorous Asia and passionate Africa in the poem The Head of Hair. Running his fingers through a womans hair allows the speaker to create and travel to an exotic land of freedom and happiness. In Exotic Perfume, a womans scent allows the speaker to evoke A lazy island where nature produces / Singular tress and savory fruits. The image of the perfect woman is then an intermediary to an ideal world in Invitation to a Voyage, where scents of amber and oriental splendor capture the speakers imagination.Together with his female companion, the speaker expresses the power of the poet to create an idyllic setting just for them There, all is nothing but beauty and elegance, / Lux ury, calm and voluptuousness. Form Baudelaire was a classically trained poet and as a result, his poems follow traditional poetic structures and rhyme schemes (ABAB or AABB). Yet Baudelaire also wanted to provoke his contemporary readers, breaking with traditional style when it would best suit his poetrys overall effect.For example, in Exotic Perfume, he contrasted traditional meter (which contains a break after every fifth syllable in a ten-syllable line) with enjambment in the first quatrain. The result is an amplified image of light Baudelaire evokes the ecstasy of this image by juxtaposing it with the calm regularity of the rhythm in the beginning of the poem. Other departures from tradition include Baudelaires habit of conveying ecstasy with exclamation points, and of expressing the accessibility of happiness with the indicative present and future verb tenses, both of which function to enhance his poetrys expressive tone.Moreover, none of his innovations came at the cost of fo rmal beauty Baudelaires poetry has often been described as the most musical and melodious poetry in the French language. Commentary The Flowers of Evil evokes a world of paradox already implicit in the contrast of the title. The word evil (the French word is mal, meaning both evil and sickness) comes to signify the pain and misery inflicted on the speaker, which he responds to with melancholy, anxiety, and a fear of death.But for Baudelaire, in that location is also something seductive about evil. Thus, while writing The Flowers of Evil, Baudelaire often said that his intent was to extract beauty from evil. Unlike traditional poets who had only focused on the simplistically pretty, Baudelaire chose to fuel his language with horror, sin, and the macabre. The speaker describes this duality in the introductory poem, in which he explains that he and the reader form two sides of the same coin. Together, they play out what Baudelaire called the tragedy of mans twoness. He saw existence i tself as paradoxical, each man feeling two simultaneous inclinations one toward the grace and elevation of God, the other an animalistic descent toward Satan. Just like the physical beauty of flowers intertwined with the abstract threat of evil, Baudelaire felt that one extreme could not exist without the other. Baudelaire struggled with his Catholicism his whole life and, thus, made religion a prevalent theme in his poetry. His language is steeped in biblical imagery, from the wrath of Satan, to the crucifixion, to the Fall of Adam and Eve.He was obsessed with Original Sin, lamenting the loss of his free will and projecting his sense of guilt onto images of women. Yet in the first part of the Spleen and Ideal section, Baudelaire emphasizes the harmony and perfection of an ideal world through his special closeness to God He first compares himself to a divine and martyred creature in The Albatross and then gives himself divine powers in Elevation, combining words like infinity, immen sity, divine, and hover. The speaker also has an extraordinary power to create, weaving together abstract paradises with powerful human experiences to form an ideal world.For example, in Correspondences, the speaker evokes amber, musk, benzoin and incense / That sing, transporting the soul and sense. He not only has the power to give vo water ice to things that are silent but also relies on images of warmth, luxury, and pleasure to call upon and empower the readers senses. In Exotic Perfume, the theme of the voyage is made possible by closing ones eyes and breathing in the warm scent of a womans breasts. In effect, reading Baudelaire means feeling Baudelaire The profusion of pleasure-inducing representations of heat, sound, and scent suggest that happiness involves a joining of the senses.This first section is devoted exclusively to the ideal, and Baudelaire relies on the abstraction of myth to convey the escape from reality and drift into nostalgia that the ideal represents. This theme recalls the poets own flight from the corruption of Paris with his trip along the Mediterranean. In The Head of Hair, the speaker indeterminately refers to Languorous Africa and passionate Asia, whose abstract presence further stimulates the readers imagination with the mythical symbolism of sea, ocean, sky, and oasis. The figure of women further contributes to this ideal world as an intermediary to happiness.The speaker must either breathe in a womans scent, caress her hair, or otherwise engage with her presence in order to conjure up the paradise he seeks. His fervent ecstasy in this poem derives from the sensual presence of his lover The world o my love swims on your fragrance. Spleen and Ideal, Part II Summary Despite the speakers preliminary evocation of an ideal world, The Flowers of Evils inevitable focus is the speakers spleen, a symbol of fear, agony, melancholy, moral degradation, destruction of the spiriteverything that is wrong with the world. The spleen, an org an that removes disease-causing agents from the bloodstream, was traditionally associated with malaise spleen is a synonym for ill-temper. ) Although the soothing ideal world in the first section does remain a significant presence for the speaker, it will nowadays serve primarily as a reminder of his need to escape from a torturous reality. flush The Ideal begins with They never will do, these beautiful vignettes. Baudelaires juxtaposition of the poems title (The Ideal) with its content suggests that the ideal is an imagined impossibleness.He insists that he cannot find the ideal rose for which he has been looking, declaring that his heart is an empty hole. The comforting, pure, and soothing presence of a woman has also given way to Lady Macbeth, mighty soul of crime. As the speaker acknowledges in originally Life, the beautiful majesty of blue waves and voluptuous odors that fill his dreams cannot fully obscure the painful secret that lets me languish. Baudelaire uses the the me of love and passion to play out this interaction between the ideal and the spleen.In Hymn to Beauty, he asks a woman Do you come from the deep sky or from the abyss, / O Beauty? Your look, infernal and divine, / Confuses hefty deeds and crimes. The speaker projects his anxiety at a disappointing reality onto a womans body Her beauty is real but it tempts him to sin. Both angel and siren, this woman brings him close to God but closer to Satan. He then refers to his lover as a witch and demon in Sed non Satiata (Still not genial). The reality of her tortuous presence awakens him from his opium-induced dream, his desire pulling him toward hell.This ambivalence between the ideal and the spleen is also played out with the juxtaposition of the speakers lover to a decaying corpse in Carrion. While out walking with his lover, the speaker discovers rotting carrion infested with worms and maggots, but which releases pleasing music. He compares the carrion (a word for dead and decaying flesh) to a flower, realizing that his lover will also one day be carrion, eaten by worms. Just like the corpse, nothing will be left of their decomposed love. The theme of death inspired by the sight of the carrion plunges the speaker into the anxiety of his spleen.The nostalgic timeless existence and soothing heat of the sun are replaced by the fear of death and a sun of ice in De Profundis Clamavi (From Profoundest Depths I Cry to You). The mythical and erotic voyage with a woman in the ideal section is now phantasmagoric pursuit by cats, snakes, owls, vampires, and ghosts, all of whom closely resemble the speakers lover. In two separate poems both entitled The Cat, the speaker is horrified to see the eyes of his lover in a black cat whose chilling stare, profound and cold, cuts and cracks like a sword. In The Poison, the speaker further associates the image of his lover with death. Unlike opium and wine, which help the speaker evade reality, the evasion of his lovers mouth is the kiss of death But all this doesnt equal the poison kiss / Arising in your green eyes. The section culminates with four poems entitled Spleen. dispirit and irritated at the inbuilt town, the speaker laments the coming of death and his defunct love, as a ghost and the meager, mangy body of a cat evoke the haunting specter of his lover. In the next Spleen, the speaker watches the world around him decompose.He is swallowed up by death, comparing himself to a cemetery, a tomb, and a container for withered roses. vacate physically and spiritually, only the miasma of decay is left for him to smell. In the fourth and final Spleen, the speaker is suffocated by the traditionally calming presence of the sky. Devoid of light, the earth becomes a damp dungeon, / When hope, like a bat, / trounce the walls with its timid wings / And bumps its head against the rotted beams. Drenched by rain and sorrow, the bells of a nearby clock cry out, filling the air with phantoms.Horrified and weepi ng with misery, the speaker surrenders as, Anguish, atrocious, despotic, / On my curved skull plants its black flag. Form Baudelaire uses the structure of his poems to amplify the atmosphere of the speakers spleen. In Spleen (I) each stanza accumulates different levels of anguish, first beginning with the city, then creatures of nature and nightmare, and finally, other objects. This layered expression of pain represents Baudelaires attempt to apply stylistic beauty to evil. Moreover, his sentences lose the first-person tense, nice grammatically errant just as the speaker is morally errant.By beginning the first three stanzas of Spleen (IV) all with the word When, Baudelaire formally mirrors his theme of monotonous boredom and the speakers surrender to the inexorable regularity and seniority of his spleen. Another aspect of Baudelaires form is his ironic juxtaposition of opposites inwardly verses and stanzas, such as in Carrion, with flower and stink. Commentary Baudelaire is a poet of contrasts, amplifying the hostility of the speakers spleen with the failure of his ideal world. Like the abused albatross in the first section, the poet becomes an anxious and suffering soul.It is important to remember that the speakers spleen is inevitable It occurs despite his attempts to escape reality. The flowers he hopes to find on a lazy island in Exotic Perfume do not exist It is the stinking carrion that is the real flower of the world. The failure of his imagination leaves him empty and weak having searched for petals, he finds their withered versions within himself. The poetry itself suggests a resurgence of the ideal through its soothing images only to encounter the disappointing impossibility of calming the speakers anxiety.In this sense, the speakers spleen is also the poets. Indeed, the gradual climax and terror of the speakers spleen in Spleen (IV) has often been associated with Baudelaires own nervous breakdown. The hostile and claustrophobic atmosphere of t he speakers world is most eloquently expressed in the failure of his ability to love. The poet originally intends his love to be a source of escape but is soon reminded of the cruel impossibility of love that characterizes his reality. For him, love is nothing but a decomposing carrion. Instead of life, love reminds him of death A womans kiss becomes poisonous.Baudelaire often spoke of love as the traditionally artistic attempt to escape boredom. Yet he never had a successful relationship and as a result, the speaker attributes much of his spleen to images of women, such as Lady Macbeth and Persephone. Cruel and murderous women, such as the monstrous female vampire in The Vampire, are compared to a dagger that slices the speakers heart. But Baudelaire also finds something perversely seductive in his demoniacal images of women, such as the Femme Fatale in Discordant Sky and the bizarre deity in Sed non Satiata. Baudelaire often described his disgust at images of nature and found faul t in women for what he saw as their closeness to nature. However, what comes through in the poetry is not so much Baudelaires misogyny as his swear weakness and insatiable desire for women. The speakers spleen involves thoughts of death, either in the form of an eventual suicide or the gradual decay of ones body. Sickness, decomposition, and claustrophobia reduce the expansive paradise of the speakers ideal to a single city pitted against him.Baudelaire felt alienated from the new Parisian society that emerged after the citys rebuilding period, often walking along the city streets just to look at people and observe their movements. This self-imposed exile perfectly describes the sense of isolation that pervades the four Spleen poems. Yet while the city alienates and isolates, it does not allow for real impropriety of any kind The speakers imagination is haunted by images of prison, spiders, ghosts, and bats crashing into walls.Unlike the albatross of the ideal, the bat of the spl een cannot fly. This travail of shoes is also a restriction of time, as the speaker feels his death quickly approaching. Baudelaire saw the reality of death as fundamentally opposed to the imagined voyage to paradise rather, it is a journey toward an unknown and sinful component. The frightful groan of bells and the stubborn moans of ghosts are horrific warning signs of the impending victory of the speakers spleen. According to the poet, there are no other sounds. Parisian Landscapes SummaryBaudelaire now turns his attention directly to the city of Paris, evoking the same themes as the previous section. In Landscape, he evokes a living and breathing city. The speaker hears buildings and birds singing, also comparing windowpane lamps to stars. He considers the city a timeless place, passing from season to season with ease. It is also a space of dreams and fantasy, where the speaker finds gardens of bronze, blue horizons, and builds fairy castles during the night. Paris becomes an enchanted city, where even a beggar is a beautiful princess.For example, the speaker admires the erotic beauty of a homeless woman in To a Red-headed Beggar Girl, especially her two perfect breasts. He does not see her rags but, rather, the gown of a queen complete with pearls make from drops of water. The speaker then laments the destruction of the old Paris in The Swan. Evoking the grieving image of Andromache, he exclaims My retrospection teems with pity / As I cross the new Carrousel / Old Paris is no more (the shape of a city /Changes more quickly, alas than the heart of a mortal). All he sees now is the chaos of the citys rebuilding, from scaffolding to broken columns. Baudelaire then juxtaposes the pure but exiled image of a white cast off with the dark, broken image of the city. The swan begs the sky for rain but gets no reply. The speaker forces himself to come to grips with the new city but cannot forget the forlorn figure of the swan as well as the fate of Andromach e, who was kidnapped shortly after her husbands murder. The presence of the grieving Andromache evokes the theme of love in the city streets.But in the modern city, love is fleetingand ultimately impossible since lovers do not know each other any longer and can only catch a glimpse of each other in the streets. In To a Passerby, the speaker conjures up a beautiful woman and tries to express his love with one look they make eye contact, but it is quickly broken, as they must each head their separate ways. The encounter is sad because they both feel something (O you who I had loved, O you who knew ) and yet they know that their next meeting will be in the afterlife a foreboding presence of death looms over the poems end.Baudelaire continues to expose the dark underside, or spleen, of the city. (The spleen, an organ that removes disease-causing agents from the bloodstream, was traditionally associated with malaise spleen is a synonym for ill-temper. ) In Evening Twilight, he evokes cr uel diseases, demons, thieves, hospitals, and gambling. The different aspects of the city are compared to wild beasts and anthills, while Prostitution ignites in the streets. Paris becomes a threatening circus of danger and death where no one is safe.By the end of the section, in Morning Twilight, inexorable Paris rises up to go back to work. Form It is important to note that most of the poems in this section are dedicated to Victor Hugo, who composed long epic poems about Paris. In this context, Baudelaire abandons the structure and rhythm of the previous section in order to emulate Hugos own style. However, in To a Passerby, Baudelaire returns to his original form, using a traditional sonnet structure (two quatrains and two three-line stanzas).As in Spleen and Ideal, he emphasizes the imperfection of the speakers spleen with imperfections in meter, isolating the words Raising and Me at the beginning of their respective lines. Commentary Baudelaire was deeply alter by the rebui lding of Paris after the revolution of 1848. Begun by Louis-Napoleon in the 1850s, this rebuilding program widened streets into boulevards and leveled entire sections of the city. Baudelaire responded to the changing face of his beloved Paris by taking refuge in recollections of its mythic brilliance but also with a sense of exile and alienation.The swan symbolizes this feeling of isolation, similar to the Spleen poems in which the speaker feels that the entire city is against him. The Swan asks God for rain in order to clean the streets and by chance return Paris to its antique purity but receives no response. Suddenly, the city itself has become a symbol of death as its rapid metamorphoses remind the speaker of the ruthlessness of times passage and his own mortality The shape of a city /Changes more quickly, alas than the heart of a mortal. The speaker sees Paris as a modern myth in progress, evoking such mythological figures as Andromache and Hector.Even the negative aspects o f city life, ranging from prostitution to gambling, are described as animals, giving Baudelaires poetry an allegorical quality. For example, in Evening Twilight, the poet evokes Dark Night, which casts its shadow over the ants, worms, and demons, symbolizing Parisian prostitution, theater, and gambling. Together, the city, its vices, and its people form a mythical, unhealthy atmosphere, instructing the reader to learn his or her lesson. Yet Paris is primarily a cemetery of failed love, as described in